Where it hit the plant
raw water intake
chemical dosing
ultrafiltration
dechlorination / UV
reverse osmosis
permeate transfer & backwash
Attack window and detections
Shaded band: the labelled attack window from the iTrust ground-truth catalog. Marks: the first second each engine flagged the window. "No flag" means the engine stayed silent for the whole window.
Why it was flagged
At 2015-01-02 11:17:02, attack #37 (SSMP) manipulated P501, FIT502 — “Close P-501; Set value of FIT-502 to 1.29 at 11:18:36”. The serving model raised the alert 46 seconds after onset (peak score 5.2621x the operating threshold). The dominant physical evidence: FIT504 — RO recirculation flow meter, Stage 5 (reverse osmosis) ran 29.2 standard deviations above the value predicted by the plant's learned physics, carrying 16% of the anomaly score — 6.3x its share in normal operation. Supporting deviations were concentrated in FIT501, FIT503, P403. Independently, the mined process rule “PIT503 ≈ 0.7834·PIT501 + -7.309, residual ∈ [-0.7047, 0.6132]” was violated for 429 seconds inside the attack window. The fused detection stack corroborated the alert across channels (physics residual + process rules), which is the platform's high-confidence state. In plain terms: the plant's own physics stopped agreeing with what the sensors were reporting, in exactly the part of the process the attacker touched.
Sensors carrying the anomaly score
| Sensor | Share of score | Deviation | Share vs normal |
|---|---|---|---|
| FIT504 RO recirculation flow meter, Stage 5 (reverse osmosis) | 15.7% | 29.2σ | 6.3x |
| FIT501 RO feed flow meter, Stage 5 (reverse osmosis) | 14.0% | 26.1σ | 10.0x |
| FIT503 RO reject flow meter, Stage 5 (reverse osmosis) | 10.9% | 20.3σ | 3.9x |
| P403 UV/RO feed pump (standby), Stage 4 (dechlorination / UV) | 7.4% | 13.9σ | 7.3x |
| FIT502 RO permeate flow meter, Stage 5 (reverse osmosis) | 5.3% | 9.8σ | 3.1x |
| P501 RO high-pressure pump, Stage 5 (reverse osmosis) | 5.2% | 9.7σ | 45.9x |
| AIT504 RO permeate conductivity analyzer, Stage 5 (reverse osmosis) | 4.9% | 9.3σ | 2.9x |
| PIT501 RO feed pressure transmitter, Stage 5 (reverse osmosis) | 4.0% | 7.0σ | 1.8x |
Process rules violated inside the window
PIT503 ≈ 0.7834·PIT501 + -7.309, residual ∈ [-0.7047, 0.6132]correlation bandviolated for 7m 9sconfidence 99.97%FIT501 ≈ 0.9242·FIT401 + 0.1401, residual ∈ [-0.007591, 0.007749]correlation bandviolated for 7m 8sconfidence 99.95%
Every figure has a run.
2026-06-11T22:34:18Z, commit 97752838a3f3d5271b7e43335fcf1f839fdf057a
sha-97752838a3f3
80c98149b000d88af3fc7b58ab407a24c81f3839426e7d4e53c2011bbf15c52a
2026-06-12T06:42:56Z
2616f67199c281fc558b4b05e3cccdeb223910e4c07addf0c80bc50f0ec5b333
vardar-portal/scripts/build-gallery-data.mjs (DEL-34/DEL-43)
SWaT and WaDi datasets courtesy of iTrust, Centre for Research in Cyber Security, Singapore University of Technology and Design. Detection figures trace to the reproducible model runs shown with each dataset.
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