All caught attacksAttack walkthrough / evidence trace / SWaT 2015

Attack #28P302

UF feed pump. Attacker's intended impact: Stop inflow of tank T-401.

Single Stage, Single PointWater Treatment570m 13s windowfirst catch 13m 10s4 of 4 engines flagged it
1.0Plant

Where it hit the plant

P1

raw water intake

P2

chemical dosing

P3

ultrafiltration

P302
P4

dechlorination / UV

P5

reverse osmosis

P6

permeate transfer & backwash

2.0Timeline

Attack window and detections

Labelled window2015-12-31 01:45:19 to 2015-12-31 11:15:27plant local time
Physical Residual
29m 25s
Temporal Sequence
37m 20s
Process Invariants
13m 10s
Fused Ensemble
23m 24s

Shaded band: the labelled attack window from the iTrust ground-truth catalog. Marks: the first second each engine flagged the window. "No flag" means the engine stayed silent for the whole window.

3.0Evidence

Why it was flagged

At 2015-12-31 01:45:19, attack #28 (SSSP) manipulated P302 — “Close P-302”. The serving model raised the alert 1765 seconds after onset (peak score 7.7104x the operating threshold). The dominant physical evidence: P402 — UV/RO feed pump (duty), Stage 4 (dechlorination / UV) was driven to a state the plant's learned physics did not predict from the rest of the process, carrying 58% of the anomaly score — 72.1x its share in normal operation. Supporting deviations were concentrated in MV304, P302, MV302. Independently, the mined process rule “FIT501 ≈ 0.9242·FIT401 + 0.1401, residual ∈ [-0.007591, 0.007749]” was violated for 31990 seconds inside the attack window. The fused detection stack corroborated the alert across channels (physics residual + process rules), which is the platform's high-confidence state. In plain terms: the plant's own physics stopped agreeing with what the sensors were reporting, in exactly the part of the process the attacker touched.

From the official explain run 2026-06-12T06:42:56Z
Corroborated across channelsPeak score 7.71x of the operating thresholdFused peak 1.50x of the operating threshold

Sensors carrying the anomaly score

SensorShare of scoreDeviationShare vs normal
P402
UV/RO feed pump (duty), Stage 4 (dechlorination / UV)
58.5%65.5σ72.1x
MV304
UF drain motorized valve, Stage 3 (ultrafiltration)
6.8%7.5σ3.1x
P302
UF feed pump, Stage 3 (ultrafiltration)
3.9%4.3σ2.3x
MV302
UF permeate-to-dechlorination motorized valve, Stage 3 (ultrafiltration)
3.4%3.8σ1.9x
MV303
UF backwash drain motorized valve, Stage 3 (ultrafiltration)
3.4%3.8σ1.4x
LIT401
RO feed tank level transmitter, Stage 4 (dechlorination / UV)
2.6%3.1σ0.5x
AIT501
RO feed pH analyzer, Stage 5 (reverse osmosis)
2.6%3.1σ0.7x
DPIT301
UF membrane differential-pressure transmitter, Stage 3 (ultrafiltration)
2.0%2.2σ1.0x

Process rules violated inside the window

  • FIT501 ≈ 0.9242·FIT401 + 0.1401, residual ∈ [-0.007591, 0.007749]
    correlation bandviolated for 533m 10sconfidence 99.95%
  • PIT503 ≈ 0.7834·PIT501 + -7.309, residual ∈ [-0.7047, 0.6132]
    correlation bandviolated for 532m 52sconfidence 99.97%
  • MV302 == 1 ⇒ AIT501 ∈ [7.672, 7.906]
    conditional bandviolated for 495m 39sconfidence 100.00%
4.0Provenance

Every figure has a run.

Validation run

2026-06-11T22:34:18Z, commit 97752838a3f3d5271b7e43335fcf1f839fdf057a

Model image

sha-97752838a3f3

Metrics artefact SHA-256

80c98149b000d88af3fc7b58ab407a24c81f3839426e7d4e53c2011bbf15c52a

Explain run

2026-06-12T06:42:56Z

Explain artefact SHA-256

2616f67199c281fc558b4b05e3cccdeb223910e4c07addf0c80bc50f0ec5b333

Generator

vardar-portal/scripts/build-gallery-data.mjs (DEL-34/DEL-43)

SWaT and WaDi datasets courtesy of iTrust, Centre for Research in Cyber Security, Singapore University of Technology and Design. Detection figures trace to the reproducible model runs shown with each dataset.

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