All caught attacksAttack walkthrough / evidence trace / SWaT 2015

Attack #22UV401 + AIT502 + P501

UV dechlorinator unit, RO feed ORP analyzer and RO high-pressure pump. Attacker's intended impact: Possible damage to RO.

Multi Stage, Multi PointWater Treatment7m 47s windowfirst catch instant4 of 4 engines flagged it
1.0Plant

Where it hit the plant

P1

raw water intake

P2

chemical dosing

P3

ultrafiltration

P4

dechlorination / UV

UV401
P5

reverse osmosis

AIT502P501
P6

permeate transfer & backwash

2.0Timeline

Attack window and detections

Labelled window2015-12-29 22:55:18 to 2015-12-29 23:03:00plant local time
Physical Residual
instant
Temporal Sequence
instant
Process Invariants
instant
Fused Ensemble
instant

Shaded band: the labelled attack window from the iTrust ground-truth catalog. Marks: the first second each engine flagged the window. "No flag" means the engine stayed silent for the whole window.

3.0Evidence

Why it was flagged

At 2015-12-29 22:55:18, attack #22 (MSMP) manipulated UV401, AIT502, P501 — “Stop UV-401; Value of AIT502 set as 150; Force P-501 to remain on”. The serving model raised the alert immediately — within the first second of the attack (peak score 7.2852x the operating threshold). The dominant physical evidence: P402 — UV/RO feed pump (duty), Stage 4 (dechlorination / UV) was driven to a state the plant's learned physics did not predict from the rest of the process, carrying 20% of the anomaly score — 25x its share in normal operation. Supporting deviations were concentrated in AIT502, AIT402, LIT401. Independently, the mined process rule “PIT503 ≈ 0.7834·PIT501 + -7.309, residual ∈ [-0.7047, 0.6132]” was violated for 466 seconds inside the attack window. The fused detection stack corroborated the alert across channels (physics residual + process rules), which is the platform's high-confidence state. In plain terms: the plant's own physics stopped agreeing with what the sensors were reporting, in exactly the part of the process the attacker touched.

From the official explain run 2026-06-12T06:42:56Z
Corroborated across channelsPeak score 7.29x of the operating thresholdFused peak 1.50x of the operating threshold

Sensors carrying the anomaly score

SensorShare of scoreDeviationShare vs normal
P402
UV/RO feed pump (duty), Stage 4 (dechlorination / UV)
20.2%49.8σ25.0x
AIT502
RO feed ORP analyzer, Stage 5 (reverse osmosis)
15.4%43.1σ4.8x
AIT402
ORP analyzer ahead of dechlorination, Stage 4 (dechlorination / UV)
15.0%41.4σ4.7x
LIT401
RO feed tank level transmitter, Stage 4 (dechlorination / UV)
8.0%22.3σ1.7x
P501
RO high-pressure pump, Stage 5 (reverse osmosis)
5.3%13.1σ47.3x
PIT503
RO reject pressure transmitter, Stage 5 (reverse osmosis)
5.0%13.2σ2.3x
PIT501
RO feed pressure transmitter, Stage 5 (reverse osmosis)
4.2%10.8σ2.0x
AIT503
RO feed conductivity analyzer, Stage 5 (reverse osmosis)
4.0%11.1σ1.1x

Process rules violated inside the window

  • PIT503 ≈ 0.7834·PIT501 + -7.309, residual ∈ [-0.7047, 0.6132]
    correlation bandviolated for 7m 46sconfidence 99.97%
  • FIT501 ≈ 0.9242·FIT401 + 0.1401, residual ∈ [-0.007591, 0.007749]
    correlation bandviolated for 7m 36sconfidence 99.95%
4.0Provenance

Every figure has a run.

Validation run

2026-06-11T22:34:18Z, commit 97752838a3f3d5271b7e43335fcf1f839fdf057a

Model image

sha-97752838a3f3

Metrics artefact SHA-256

80c98149b000d88af3fc7b58ab407a24c81f3839426e7d4e53c2011bbf15c52a

Explain run

2026-06-12T06:42:56Z

Explain artefact SHA-256

2616f67199c281fc558b4b05e3cccdeb223910e4c07addf0c80bc50f0ec5b333

Generator

vardar-portal/scripts/build-gallery-data.mjs (DEL-34/DEL-43)

SWaT and WaDi datasets courtesy of iTrust, Centre for Research in Cyber Security, Singapore University of Technology and Design. Detection figures trace to the reproducible model runs shown with each dataset.

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